New York Prenuptial Agreement Lawyers | NYC Prenup Attorney

Key Takeaways: Navigating Prenuptial Agreements in New York

  • Prenuptial agreements in New York are legally binding contracts defining asset division, spousal support, and other financial matters upon divorce or death.
  • New York Domestic Relations Law Section 236(B)(3) governs the enforceability of these agreements, requiring proper execution, full disclosure, and absence of duress.
  • Engaging a seasoned prenup attorney in NYC is crucial to ensure the agreement is comprehensive, equitable, and withstands potential future challenges.
  • A valid prenup can provide clarity, reduce litigation risk, and protect pre-marital assets, inheritance, and business interests for both parties.
  • The process involves full financial disclosure, independent legal representation for each party, and careful negotiation to reach a mutually agreeable and enforceable document.

New York Prenuptial Agreement Lawyers | NYC Prenup Attorney

As a senior attorney with over two decades of dedicated practice in New York family law, I’ve witnessed firsthand the profound impact a well-crafted prenuptial agreement can have on a couple’s future. Often misunderstood as a sign of distrust, a prenuptial agreement, or “prenup,” is, in reality, a proactive and mature step towards financial clarity and security within a marriage. In the dynamic landscape of New York City, where diverse assets and complex financial situations are common, understanding and navigating the intricacies of a marital agreement is not just advisable; it’s often essential.

A prenuptial agreement is a legally binding contract entered into by two people before marriage. It outlines how assets and debts will be divided in the event of a divorce or death, and it can also address spousal support (alimony), business interests, and even pet custody. My experience as a prenup attorney in NYC has shown me that these agreements serve as a robust framework for financial expectations, providing both parties with peace of mind and reducing the potential for acrimony should the marriage dissolve.

This comprehensive guide delves into everything you need to know about prenuptial agreements in New York. We will explore the legal requirements, the benefits they offer, the common pitfalls to avoid, and the meticulous process of drafting an agreement that truly protects your interests. Whether you are considering marriage, have significant assets, or simply wish to establish clear financial boundaries, this resource is designed to equip you with the knowledge necessary to make informed decisions.

The Consequences and Stakes of Marrying Without a Prenup in New York

Marrying without a prenuptial agreement in New York leaves the division of marital assets, debts, and potential spousal support subject entirely to the discretion of New York’s equitable distribution laws and court decisions, which can lead to lengthy, costly, and emotionally draining litigation if the marriage ends.

In New York, if a couple divorces without a prenuptial agreement, the courts will apply the principle of “equitable distribution” to divide marital property. This does not necessarily mean an equal 50/50 split; rather, it means a division that the court deems fair under the circumstances. This process, governed largely by New York Domestic Relations Law (DRL) Section 236(B)(5), considers numerous factors, including the income and property of each party at the time of marriage and at the time of commencement of the divorce action, the duration of the marriage, the age and health of the parties, the need of a custodial parent to occupy the marital residence, the loss of inheritance and pension rights, and any transfer or encumbrance made in contemplation of a matrimonial action without fair consideration. Without a prenup, a judge makes these highly personal financial decisions for you, often with limited understanding of the unique dynamics and contributions within your relationship.

The stakes are particularly high for individuals entering marriage with significant pre-marital assets, such as real estate, inherited wealth, family businesses, or substantial investment portfolios. Without a clear agreement, these separate properties can become commingled with marital assets over time, making their distinction complex and contentious during a divorce. For instance, if pre-marital funds are used to improve a marital home or are deposited into joint accounts, tracing their separate nature can become an arduous and expensive legal battle. Similarly, professional licenses or degrees obtained during the marriage, even if funded by one party, can be considered marital property subject to equitable distribution, impacting future earnings potential.

Spousal support, or alimony, is another critical area where the absence of a prenuptial agreement can lead to unforeseen and substantial financial obligations. New York courts determine spousal support based on statutory formulas and various factors, including the income and resources of each party, the duration of the marriage, the health of the parties, and the standard of living established during the marriage. An agreement can specify whether spousal support will be paid, for how long, and in what amount, providing predictable outcomes for both parties. Without it, one party could face significant and long-term financial payments determined solely by the court.

Moreover, the emotional and financial costs of litigating these issues in court are immense. Divorce proceedings can drag on for years, consuming significant resources in legal fees, discovery, and expert valuations. The emotional toll of contentious legal battles over finances can overshadow the desire for a clean break, leading to protracted resentment and stress. A prenuptial agreement, by contrast, resolves these complex issues upfront, allowing couples to approach marriage with transparency and a clear understanding of their financial landscape, thereby mitigating future disputes.

The SRIS New York Prenup Clarity Checklist Tool

To assist you in preparing for discussions about your prenuptial agreement and understanding the scope of what needs to be addressed, Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. presents the SRIS New York Prenup Clarity Checklist Tool. This practical guide outlines the essential categories of information and decisions you’ll need to consider with your legal counsel. It is not a substitute for legal advice but a preparatory resource.

How to Use This Checklist:

  1. Gather Information: Collect relevant financial documents and reflect on your goals.
  2. Consult Your Attorney: Use this checklist as a discussion guide with your chosen New York prenup attorney.
  3. Negotiate and Refine: Work with your legal team to ensure all points are addressed in your final agreement.

The Checklist:

I. Personal & Marital Intentions

  • Have we discussed our general financial philosophy and expectations for marriage?
  • Do we understand that this agreement aims for clarity, not distrust?
  • Are we both entering this agreement voluntarily and without pressure?

II. Full Financial Disclosure

(For each party, gather documentation for the following)

  1. Assets:
    • Current Bank Accounts (Checking, Savings, CDs) – Statements
    • Investment Accounts (Stocks, Bonds, Mutual Funds, Crypto) – Statements
    • Real Estate (Owned properties, including primary residence, vacation homes, investment properties) – Deeds, mortgage statements, appraisal reports
    • Retirement Accounts (401k, IRA, Pension, etc.) – Statements
    • Business Interests (Ownership percentages, valuation reports if applicable)
    • Vehicles, Art, Jewelry, Collectibles – Valuation or purchase documents
    • Inheritances & Trusts (Current and anticipated) – Trust documents, probate records
    • Intellectual Property (Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks) – Registration documents
  2. Liabilities:
    • Mortgages – Statements
    • Credit Card Debts – Statements
    • Student Loans – Statements
    • Car Loans – Statements
    • Personal Loans or Other Debts – Statements/Agreements
  3. Income:
    • Current Employment Income (Salary, Bonuses, Commissions) – Pay stubs, tax returns
    • Other Income Sources (Rental income, dividends, etc.)
    • Future Income Expectations

III. Key Agreement Provisions to Discuss

  1. Separate Property Definition:
    • How will pre-marital assets be treated? Will they remain separate?
    • Will gifts or inheritances received during marriage remain separate?
    • How will appreciation of separate property be handled?
  2. Marital Property Division:
    • How will assets acquired during the marriage be divided (e.g., 50/50, according to contributions)?
    • How will future business ventures or professional licenses be addressed?
  3. Spousal Support (Alimony/Maintenance):
    • Will spousal support be waived entirely?
    • If not waived, what will be the duration and amount?
    • Are there any conditions for spousal support (e.g., length of marriage, children)?
  4. Debt Allocation:
    • How will pre-marital debts be handled?
    • How will debts incurred during marriage be allocated?
  5. Death & Estate Planning:
    • How will the agreement affect inheritance rights upon death?
    • Will one party waive the right to inherit from the other’s estate?
  6. Other Specifics:
    • How will pets be handled?
    • What about joint bank accounts or credit cards?
    • Any specific clauses for future business ventures or investments?

IV. Legal Representation & Execution

  • Have both parties retained independent legal counsel?
  • Are both parties fully satisfied with the terms of the agreement?
  • Is the agreement ready for formal signing before a notary?

Using the SRIS New York Prenup Clarity Checklist Tool can streamline the process and ensure that no critical financial or legal aspect is overlooked as you work with your prenup attorney in NYC to draft your marital agreement.

Legal Strategies and Considerations for Prenuptial Agreements

Effective legal strategies for prenuptial agreements in New York focus on proactive planning, meticulous financial disclosure, skilled negotiation, and ensuring compliance with New York Domestic Relations Law to create a robust and enforceable document that minimizes future disputes.

Creating an effective prenuptial agreement in New York is more than just filling out a form; it involves strategic foresight and deep understanding of the law. A seasoned marital agreement lawyer New York employs various strategies to ensure the agreement serves its purpose of protecting both parties while standing up to potential scrutiny.

1. Prioritize Transparency and Full Disclosure

The cornerstone of an enforceable prenup in New York is complete financial transparency. Any attempt to conceal assets or misrepresent financial standing can lead to the agreement being invalidated. Strategy here involves guiding clients to compile exhaustive financial records early in the process. This includes tax returns, bank statements, investment portfolio summaries, debt statements, business valuations, and appraisals of significant assets. Beyond mere documentation, it means openly discussing financial expectations and goals with your future spouse, ideally with the guidance of your respective attorneys. This proactive approach not only builds trust but also significantly strengthens the agreement’s legal standing against future claims of fraud or undue influence, as mandated by DRL Section 236(B)(3).

2. Independent Legal Representation for Both Parties

While seemingly a procedural step, ensuring both parties have independent legal counsel is a critical strategic defense against future challenges. New York courts are highly scrutinizing of agreements where one party was unrepresented or felt pressured. A strategy of encouraging and facilitating independent legal advice, even if one party initially resists, safeguards the agreement. Each attorney acts as an advocate for their client’s individual interests, ensuring that the agreement is fair and that their client fully understands the implications of signing. This also helps demonstrate that the agreement was not the result of overreaching or unconscionable conduct.

3. Tailoring the Agreement to Specific Needs

A generic prenup is rarely an effective prenup. A key strategy is to customize the agreement to the unique financial and personal circumstances of the couple. This involves detailed discussions about:

  • Separate Property: Clearly defining what constitutes separate property (e.g., pre-marital assets, inheritances, gifts) and how it will be maintained, appreciating, or potentially commingled.
  • Spousal Support Provisions: Deciding whether to waive spousal support, cap it, or set specific conditions for its payment. This can involve creative solutions like step-down clauses or payments tied to the duration of the marriage.
  • Future Earnings and Businesses: Addressing how future professional licenses, degrees, or business ventures (e.g., a startup founded during marriage) will be treated.
  • Debt Allocation: Clearly assigning responsibility for pre-marital debts and how future debts will be managed.
  • Estate Planning Integration: Coordinating the prenup with existing or future wills, trusts, and beneficiary designations, especially important in New York where elective share rights exist under the Estate, Powers and Trusts Law (EPTL) Section 5-1.1-A.

This tailored approach ensures the agreement is comprehensive and addresses specific vulnerabilities or goals.

4. Addressing Potential Challenges Proactively

A strong prenup anticipates potential legal challenges. This involves including clauses that:

  • Acknowledge Voluntariness: Explicitly state that both parties entered the agreement freely and without duress, and had ample time to review and consult counsel.
  • Confirm Financial Disclosure: Acknowledge that full financial disclosure was made and understood.
  • No Reliance on Representations: State that neither party relied on any representations or promises not contained within the written agreement.
  • Severability Clause: Ensure that if one part of the agreement is found unenforceable, the rest of the agreement remains valid.
  • Choice of Law: Specify that New York law governs the agreement.

By building these protective provisions into the document, a seasoned prenup attorney in NYC strengthens its enforceability against common grounds for invalidation, such as fraud, duress, or unconscionability.

5. Timing and Review

While not a “strategy” in the negotiation sense, the timing of the agreement’s discussion and execution is strategically important. Initiating discussions well in advance of the wedding date avoids any perception of coercion or last-minute pressure. Allowing ample time for negotiation, disclosure, and review by independent counsel minimizes the risk of a court deeming the agreement executed under duress. Regularly reviewing the agreement after significant life events, even if no changes are made, can also serve as a strategic confirmation of its continued relevance and fairness.

By employing these strategies, a New York marital agreement lawyer can help create a prenuptial agreement that is not only legally sound but also provides genuine peace of mind and security for both parties entering into marriage.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Drafting a New York Prenup

Avoiding critical errors when drafting a New York prenuptial agreement is paramount to its enforceability; common pitfalls include insufficient financial disclosure, lack of independent legal counsel, signing under duress, and including unenforceable clauses.

Even with the best intentions, mistakes in drafting or executing a prenuptial agreement can render it partially or entirely unenforceable in New York. As a seasoned prenup attorney in NYC, I’ve seen these errors repeatedly. Here are the most common mistakes to avoid:

  1. Insufficient or Dishonest Financial Disclosure: This is arguably the most common and fatal flaw. New York law requires both parties to make a full and fair disclosure of their assets, liabilities, and income. Failing to disclose all material facts, or worse, intentionally misrepresenting them, provides strong grounds for the agreement to be invalidated later. Always err on the side of over-disclosure.
  2. Lack of Independent Legal Representation: While not legally mandatory in all cases, the absence of independent legal counsel for each party is a significant red flag for New York courts. If one party did not have their own attorney, it opens the door to claims of duress, undue influence, or a lack of understanding of the agreement’s terms. It is highly advisable for both parties to engage separate marital agreement lawyers New York.
  3. Signing Under Duress or Too Close to the Wedding: An agreement signed days or hours before the wedding, especially if one party feels pressured or threatened with the cancellation of the wedding, can be challenged as being signed under duress. New York courts examine the circumstances surrounding the agreement’s execution. Provide ample time for negotiation and review—ideally months, not days.
  4. Including Unenforceable or Unconscionable Provisions: Certain clauses are simply not enforceable in New York. Examples include:
    • Provisions that seek to determine child custody or child support. New York courts always prioritize the best interests of the child, and these matters cannot be pre-determined by a prenup.
    • Clauses that are “unconscionable,” meaning they are so one-sided and unfair that they would shock the conscience of the court. This often relates to extreme waivers of spousal support that would leave one party destitute.
    • Clauses that promote divorce or incentivize marital breakup.
  5. Improper Execution: New York Domestic Relations Law Section 236(B)(3) explicitly states that a prenuptial agreement must be “in writing, subscribed by the parties, and acknowledged or proven in the manner required to entitle a deed to be recorded.” This means it must be signed by both parties in the presence of a notary public. Failing this formal acknowledgment can render the entire agreement invalid.
  6. Overlooking Future Circumstances: While not a mistake that invalidates the agreement, failing to consider future life events (e.g., having children, career changes, health issues) can lead to an agreement that becomes inequitable over time. While prenups aim for finality, a truly seasoned attorney considers how current terms might apply to unforeseen future scenarios.
  7. Failing to Periodically Review and Update: While prenups are designed to be durable, significant changes in financial circumstances or life events might warrant a review or amendment. Not reviewing the agreement every few years can mean it no longer accurately reflects the parties’ current intentions or circumstances, although this doesn’t invalidate the original agreement on its own.
  8. Using Online Templates Without Legal Counsel: While templates can provide a starting point, they rarely account for the specific nuances of New York law or individual circumstances. Relying solely on a generic template without customization and review by a New York prenup attorney can lead to critical omissions or errors that compromise its enforceability.

By proactively avoiding these common pitfalls, you can significantly enhance the likelihood that your prenuptial agreement in New York will be a robust, legally sound, and enduring document that provides the clarity and protection you seek.

Glossary of Key Terms

Understanding the terminology is vital when navigating prenuptial agreements in New York.

Prenuptial Agreement (Prenup):
A legal contract entered into by prospective spouses before marriage, outlining the division of assets, debts, and potential spousal support in the event of divorce or death.
Marital Property:
In New York, property acquired by either spouse during the marriage, regardless of whose name it is in, that is subject to equitable distribution upon divorce.
Separate Property:
Property owned by a spouse before marriage, or acquired during marriage by inheritance, gift from a third party, or as compensation for personal injuries, which is generally not subject to equitable distribution upon divorce. Also includes property acquired in exchange for or the increase in value of separate property, except to the extent that such appreciation is due in part to the contributions or efforts of the other spouse.
Equitable Distribution:
The legal principle in New York that requires marital property to be divided fairly, though not necessarily equally, between divorcing spouses.
Spousal Maintenance (Alimony/Alimony Pendente Lite):
Financial support paid by one spouse to the other after a divorce, or during the divorce proceedings (pendente lite), as determined by the court or agreed upon in a prenuptial agreement. Governed by DRL Section 236(B)(6).
Unconscionable:
A legal term describing a contract or provision that is so overwhelmingly unfair or one-sided as to shock the conscience of the court. Such provisions in a prenup may be deemed unenforceable.
Duress:
Compulsion or coercion, typically through threats, used to force someone to act against their will. An agreement signed under duress can be invalidated.

Common Scenarios & Questions About New York Prenups

Clients often approach Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. with specific situations or questions about prenuptial agreements. Here are a few common scenarios and how a prenup can provide clarity:

Scenario 1: Protecting a Family Business

Question: “I own a successful family business that has been passed down for generations. I want to protect it from being divided in a divorce, but my partner thinks it’s a sign I don’t trust them. How can a prenup help?”

Answer: This is a very common and legitimate concern. A prenuptial agreement can explicitly designate the family business, its valuation, and its future growth as separate property, not subject to equitable distribution. It can also outline what happens if one spouse contributes to the business. A seasoned prenup attorney in NYC can help you frame this discussion with your partner not as a lack of trust, but as a responsible step to preserve a family legacy, benefiting future generations and ensuring the business’s stability regardless of marital changes. It protects your partner from potential business liabilities as well.

Scenario 2: Significant Pre-Marital Assets & Debts

Question: “I’m entering my second marriage with substantial assets from my first divorce settlement, as well as some investment properties. My fiancé has considerable student loan debt. How can we ensure these distinct financial situations don’t cause issues later?”

Answer: A prenuptial agreement is precisely designed for such situations. You can clearly define your pre-marital assets as separate property, ensuring they remain yours in the event of divorce. Conversely, your fiancé’s pre-marital debts can be designated as their separate responsibility. The agreement can also outline how future earnings, joint assets acquired during the marriage, and even the pay-down of pre-marital debt will be handled. This provides both parties with financial predictability and peace of mind, preventing contentious arguments about who owes what if the marriage dissolves.

Scenario 3: Spousal Support Concerns for Both Parties

Question: “My partner earns significantly more than I do, and I’m concerned about financial security if we divorce. They are also concerned about a potentially large spousal support obligation. Can a prenup address both our worries?”

Answer: Absolutely. While New York law has formulas for spousal maintenance, a prenuptial agreement allows you to customize these provisions. You can agree on a specific amount or duration of spousal support, or even waive it entirely under certain conditions (provided it’s not unconscionable). For instance, you could agree to a step-down alimony clause after a certain number of years of marriage, or a lump sum payment instead of ongoing maintenance. This gives both parties predictability: the higher-earning spouse knows their maximum exposure, and the lower-earning spouse gains clarity on their financial support, potentially alleviating anxieties about future financial stability. A skilled marital agreement lawyer New York can help craft these clauses to be fair and enforceable.

Scenario 4: Protecting an Inheritance or Future Gift

Question: “I’m expecting a substantial inheritance from my aging parents. I want to ensure that this inheritance remains solely mine, even if it’s received during my marriage. Is this possible with a prenup?”

Answer: Yes, a prenuptial agreement can explicitly protect inheritances and gifts from third parties. In New York, inheritances and gifts are generally considered separate property if kept separate. However, they can easily become commingled (e.g., deposited into a joint account, used to improve marital property), blurring their separate nature. A prenup can clarify that any present or future inheritance will remain separate property and stipulate how it should be managed (e.g., kept in separate accounts) to prevent commingling. This proactive measure strengthens the protection of your future inheritance, ensuring it retains its separate property status.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About New York Prenuptial Agreements

Q1: What exactly is a prenuptial agreement in New York?
A1: A prenuptial agreement, or prenup, is a legally binding contract made by two people before they marry. It defines how their assets, debts, and other financial matters will be handled during the marriage and in the event of divorce, separation, or death, under New York law.

Q2: What New York laws govern prenuptial agreements?
A2: The primary law governing prenuptial agreements in New York is Domestic Relations Law (DRL) Section 236(B)(3). This statute outlines the requirements for validity, including that the agreement must be in writing, subscribed by the parties, and acknowledged or proven in the manner required to entitle a deed to be recorded.

Q3: Why should I consider a prenuptial agreement in New York?
A3: A prenup can provide clarity, predictability, and peace of mind. It protects pre-marital assets, defines how future assets will be divided, can limit or waive spousal support, protects family businesses, and can simplify a potential divorce process, saving significant time, money, and emotional distress.

Q4: Can a prenuptial agreement decide child custody or child support?
A4: No. New York law, like most states, prohibits prenuptial agreements from determining child custody, visitation, or child support. These matters are always decided by the courts based on the “best interests of the child” at the time of separation or divorce.

Q5: What makes a prenuptial agreement enforceable in New York?
A5: To be enforceable, a New York prenup must be: 1) in writing; 2) signed by both parties; 3) properly acknowledged before a notary public; 4) entered into voluntarily; 5) based on full and fair financial disclosure by both parties; and 6) not unconscionable when signed or at the time of divorce.

Q6: Do both parties need a separate lawyer for a prenup?
A6: While not strictly required by statute, it is highly advisable and considered a best practice for each party to have independent legal representation. This helps ensure both parties’ interests are protected, they fully understand the agreement, and it reduces the risk of the agreement being challenged on grounds of duress or lack of understanding.

Q7: What happens if we don’t have a prenup and get divorced in New York?
A7: Without a prenup, New York’s equitable distribution laws will govern the division of marital property and debt, and court-determined formulas and factors will decide spousal support. This process can be lengthy, costly, and the outcome is uncertain, as it is left to a judge’s discretion.

Q8: Can a prenuptial agreement be changed after marriage?
A8: Yes, a prenuptial agreement can be modified or revoked after marriage, but only if both parties agree to the changes in writing. Any amendment must meet the same legal formalities as the original agreement to be enforceable.

Q9: Is a prenup only for wealthy individuals?
A9: Absolutely not. While often associated with the wealthy, prenuptial agreements are valuable for anyone seeking financial clarity, whether they have modest assets, debt, children from a previous relationship, or anticipate future inheritances or business ventures. They provide a framework for financial expectations regardless of net worth.

Q10: How long does the prenuptial agreement process take?
A10: The timeline varies depending on the complexity of financial disclosures, the number of issues to negotiate, and the responsiveness of both parties and their attorneys. It can take several weeks to a few months. It is strongly advised to begin the process well in advance of the wedding date to avoid any perception of pressure or duress.

Q11: Can a prenup protect me from my spouse’s pre-marital debts?
A11: Yes, a prenuptial agreement can explicitly state that pre-marital debts remain the sole responsibility of the spouse who incurred them. This prevents creditors from coming after jointly held assets or the other spouse’s separate property for those debts.

Q12: What if I didn’t fully disclose all my assets?
A12: Intentional failure to fully disclose assets is a significant ground for a New York court to invalidate a prenuptial agreement. Transparency is critical to its enforceability.

Q13: Will a prenup affect my inheritance rights if my spouse dies?
A13: Yes, a prenuptial agreement can waive or modify a spouse’s elective share rights, which are statutory rights to inherit a portion of a deceased spouse’s estate under New York’s Estate, Powers and Trusts Law (EPTL) Section 5-1.1-A. This is a common and important provision for individuals with significant pre-marital wealth or children from prior relationships.

Q14: What is an “unconscionable” prenuptial agreement?
A14: An agreement is deemed unconscionable if it is so grossly unfair or oppressive that it would “shock the conscience” of the court. This often arises when one party is left in extreme poverty while the other retains significant wealth due to overly harsh terms, particularly regarding spousal support waivers, and without proper disclosure or counsel.

Q15: How often should I review my prenuptial agreement?
A15: While not legally required, it’s a good practice to review your prenuptial agreement every 3-5 years, or after significant life events such as the birth of children, a major career change, or a substantial inheritance. This ensures it still aligns with your intentions and addresses any new circumstances, even if no changes are made.

Contact a Seasoned New York Prenuptial Agreement Lawyer Today

Navigating the complexities of prenuptial agreements in New York demands the seasoned insight of a legal authority. At Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C., we bring over two decades of hands-on experience in New York family law to ensure your future is secure and your interests are protected with an ironclad agreement. Do not leave your financial future to chance or the uncertainty of court decisions. Take the proactive step towards clarity and peace of mind.

Contact Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. at 888-437-7747 today for a confidential case review. Let our deep knowledge and authoritative guidance help you craft a prenuptial agreement that provides indisputable protection for your unique circumstances.

Disclaimer: This article provides general information and is not intended as legal advice. The law is complex and changes frequently. Always consult with a qualified attorney for advice tailored to your specific situation. Past results do not guarantee future outcomes.

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